Avaliação do perfil de microRNAs exossomais em portadores de hipercolesterolemia familial / Evaluation of the profile of exosomal microRNAs in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia

A Hipercolesterolemia Familial (HF) é uma doença hereditária do metabolismo lipídico que causa aos portadores alta incidência de aterosclerose prematura. A HF pode ser diagnosticada clínica e geneticamente, entretanto, apenas cerca de 40% podem ter confirmados pelo diagnostico molecular. Assim, outros sistemas de diagnóstico devem ser avaliados. Ultimamente devido a estabilidade em fluidos biológicos, os exossomos circulantes apresentam grande potencial, pois carreiam um número variado de compostos e são considerados veículos de intercomunicação entre os tecidos. Sabe-se que vários RNAs são carreados nos exossomos, incluindo miRNAs, lncRNA e uma variedade de proteínas. Estes componentes podem ser marcadores de diagnóstico para várias doenças inclusive a HF e suas complicações cardiovasculares. Foram utilizadas amostras de exossomos plasmáticos provenientes de 54 pacientes HF sem uso de estatina por, no mínimo, seis semanas, e 38 indivíduos normolipidêmicos para sequenciamento de miRNAs e estudo da proteômica. Os exossomos foram isolados utilizando dois métodos precipitação química e cromatográfica de exclusão de tamanho e caraterizados utilizando: dispersão de luz dinâmica, Western blotting, rastreamento de nanopartículas (NanoSight), imunomarcação e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Os miRNAs e proteínas foram extraídos dos exossomos e analisados por sequenciamento de nova geração e espectrometria de massa, respectivamente. Os dados clínicos, biodemográficos e laboratoriais dos pacientes HF e controles indicaram diferenças significativas esperadas entre os grupos, indicando que foram selecionados adequadamente. A caracterização físico-química dos exossomos mostrou resultados com tamanho de ˜90nm e imunorreação positiva para tetraspaninas. O resultado do sequenciamento identificou acima 2000 miRNAs. Os miR-122- 5p e miR-21-5p apresentaram expressão aumentada no grupo HF (log2FC=1,79 e log2FC=1,27, respectivamente), e o miR-122-5p pós normalização em relação ao controle manteve significativo comparados ao controle (p=0,034). A análise comparativa entre exossomos e plasma total mostrou diferença significativa, pois foram identificadas 239 proteínas (p <0,05) diferentes entre exossomos e plasma. Em exossomos, 17 proteínas foram aumentadas e 21 diminuídas em pacientes com HF em comparação com o controle (p <0,05). Destas, seis proteínas foram mais abundantes em HF e sete proteínas foram menos abundantes em exossomos de pacientes com HF em comparação com o controle. A análise de enriquecimento por bioinformática mostrou que a maior parte dessas moléculas (miRNAs e proteínas) foram relacionadas com metabolismo lipídico, dislipidemia, aterosclerose, doença arterial coronariana, adipogênese. Assim, na busca de novos alvos como potenciais biomarcadores de diagnóstico da HF, nossos resultados da análise integrativa entre os miRNAs e as proteínas exossomais abre novas frentes de pesquisa mais bem direcionadas, para a validação desses miRNAs e proteínas exossomais

Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited disease of lipid metabolism that causes a high incidence of premature atherosclerosis in patients. FH can be diagnosed clinically and genetically, however, only about 40% can be confirmed by molecular diagnosis. Thus, other diagnostic systems should be evaluated. Lately, due to stability in biological fluids, circulating exosomes have great potential, as they carry a varied number of compounds and are considered vehicles of intercommunication between tissues. Several RNAs are known to be carried on exosomes, including miRNAs, lncRNA, and a variety of proteins. These components can be diagnostic markers for several diseases including FH and its cardiovascular complications. Plasma exosome samples from 54 FH patients without statin use for at least six weeks and 38 normolipidemic individuals were used for miRNA sequencing and proteomics studies. Exosomes were isolated using two methods chemical precipitation and size exclusion chromatography and characterized using: dynamic light scattering, Western blotting, nanoparticle tracking (NanoSight), immunostaining and transmission electron microscopy. MiRNAs and proteins were extracted from exosomes and analyzed by next-generation sequencing and mass spectrometry, respectively. Clinical, biodemographic and laboratory data of FH patients and controls indicated significant expected differences between the groups, indicating that they were appropriately selected. The physicochemical characterization of exosomes showed results with a size of ˜90nm and positive immunoreaction for tetraspanins. The sequencing result identified above 2000 miRNAs. miR-122-5p and miR-21-5p showed increased expression in the FH group (log2FC=1.79 and log2FC=1.27, respectively), and miR122-5p after normalization in relation to the control remained significant compared to the control (p=0.034). The comparative analysis between exosomes and total plasma showed a significant difference, as 239 different proteins (p < 0.05) were identified between exosome and plasma. In exosomes, 17 proteins were increased and 21 decreased in FH patients compared to control (p < 0.05). Of these, six proteins were more abundant in FH and seven proteins were less abundant in exosomes from patients with FH compared to the control. Bioinformatics enrichment analysis showed that most of these molecules (miRNAs and proteins) were related to lipid metabolism, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, adipogenesis. Thus, in the search for new targets as potential diagnostic biomarkers of FH, our results of the integrative analysis between miRNAs and exosomal proteins opens new and better-directed research fronts for the validation of these miRNAs and exosomal proteins

Sea Blue Histiocytosis Associated with Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IIb

Sea-blue or ceroid histiocytosis is a storage phenomena associated with a variety of conditions especially abnormal lipid metabolism and particularly hyperlipoproteinemia. It is characterized by histiocytic proliferation in the bone marrow and spleen, contain-ing sea-blue inclusions by Romanovsky stain. The present case is a 1 1/2 year-old Korean boy who had marked enlargement of the spleen which was eventually removed. Aspirates of the bone marrow and histology of the spleen disclosed an enormous proliferation of histiocytes containing numerous cytoplasmic inclusions which stained sea-blue with Wright stain, was strongly positive to PAS and weakly positive to oil red-O and Sudan black B in frozen and in paraffin embedded section. Ultrastructually histiocytes were marked1y hypertrophic and contained numerous cytoplasmic inclusions which showed three distinct types and conglomeration of all three types, presumably representing age or maturation steps of the inclusions. The ear1y type consisted of a high electron dense core or deposits within a low electron dense matrix, evolving into homogeneous moderately electron dense inclusion and finally a well developed finger print-like internal structure. Analysis of the plasma lipid disclosed type IIb hyperlipoproteinemia. Types of hyperlipoproteinemia previously reported in association with sea-blue histiocytosis were type-I, III, IV and V, and this is the first case of type IIb hyperlipoproteinemia.